Scientific
classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Clavariaceae
Chevall.
(1826)
Type genus Clavaria
Vaill. ex
L. (1753)
Genera Camarophyllopsis
Clavaria
Clavulinopsis
Hirticlavula
Hyphodontiella
Mucronella
Ramariopsis
Scytinopogon
Setigeroclavula
The
Clavariaceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. Collectively, they
are commonly known as coral fungi due to their resemblance to aquatic coral,
although other vernacular names including antler fungi, finger fungi, worm
mold, and spaghetti mushroom are sometimes used for similar reasons.
Clavariaceae
was circumscribed (as "Clavariae") by French botanist François Fulgis
Chevallier in 1826. It was one of five families (along with the Agaricaceae,
Hydnaceae, Polyporaceae, and Thelephoraceae) that Elias Fries used to divide
the Agaricales and Aphyllophorales in his influential work Systema Mycologicum.
The family
served as a convenient placement for all genera containing species with
superficially similar coral-like fruitbodies. It was first Marinus Anton Donk
and later E.J.H. Corner who realized that in this broad sense, the family was
not a natural phylogenetic assemblage of related species.
Corner
published his world monograph in 1950 (revised in 1967 and updated in 1970),
introducing the modern concepts of many genera of clavarioid fungi.
Corner
included three genera in his original concept of the Clavariaceae: Clavaria,
Clavulinopsis, and Ramariopsis. Molecular phylogenetic analysis has since shown
that the Clavariaceae belong to the order Agaricales.
Camarophyllopsis,
a gilled mushroom which had previously been placed in the family Hygrophoraceae
based on its morphology, was found to belong in the Clavariaceae by Matheny et
al. (2008) in a multilocus DNA study.
Although
traditionally classified in Clavariaceae based on morphology, molecular
phylogenetic analysis suggests that Scytinopogon clusters within the genus
Trechispora (order Trechisporales).
Molecular
genetics has shown that some superficially similar species are not so closely
related. The fairy club genus Clavariadelphus, Ramaria and Clavulina belong to
the family Gomphaceae, Lentaria belongs in the order Thelephorales, while the
genus Calocera is a member of Dacrymycetes, a different class of fungi
entirely.
The fungus
once known as Clavaria purpurea has been moved to its own genus, Alloclavaria
in the order Hymenochaetales.
Coral fungi
can be similar in appearance to jelly fungi. They are often brightly colored,
mostly oranges, yellows, or reds, and usually grow in older mature forests.
Hyphodontiella is the sole genus of corticioid (crust-like) fungi in the
Clavariaceae.
Morphological
variety of Clavariaceae
Agaricoid:
Camarophyllopsis sp.
Clavarioid:
Hirticlavula elegans
Clavarioid:
Clavulinopsis fusiformis
Hydnoid:
Mucronella pendula
Some
Clavariaceae species have a cosmopolitan distribution, or nearly so. For
example, Clavaria fragilis has been recorded on five continents.
Other
widely distributed species include Ramariopsis pulchella, known from North and
South America, and New Zealand, and Clavulinopsis laeticolor, which is also
found in Malaysia. In contrast, some groups of species, such as dark-colored
Clavulina, are typically found on only a single continent, and may be quite
rare.
The trophic
status of the Clavariaceae has been debated in the scientific literature. It
has been variously described as saprotrophic, mycorrhizal, or unknown.
Experimental
techniques commonly employed to determine trophic strategy, such as stable
isotope analysis and phylogenetic analysis of environmental sequences (DNA that
is released from an organism into the environment), have not often been used
with Clavariaceae species.
Birkebak
and colleagues suggest that, excluding lignicolous (wood-decaying) species, the
Clavariaceae are biotrophic.
A 2008
estimate placed 7 genera and 120 species in the family; Hirticlavula was added
to the family in 2014. In 2013, Birkebak and colleagues suggested that there
were 126 operational taxonomic units in the Clavariaceae, about half of which
were known from environmental DNA sequences.
Camarophyllopsis
Herink 1958 – agaricoid
Clavaria
Vaill. ex L. 1753 – clavarioid
Clavulinopsis
Overeem 1923 – clavarioid
Hirticlavula
J.H.Petersen & Læssøe 2014 – clavarioid
Hyphodontiella
Å.Strid 1975 – clavarioid
Mucronella
Fr. 1874 – hydnoid
Ramariopsis
(Donk) Corner 1950 – clavarioid
Scytinopogon
Singer 1945 – clavarioid
Setigeroclavula
R.H.Petersen 1988 – clavarioid
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