Scientific
classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Cantharellales
Family: Clavulinaceae
Donk (1961)
Type genus
Clavulina
J.Schröt.
(1888)
Genera
Burgella
Clavulina
Membranomyces
Multiclavula
The
Clavulinaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales. The family is
not well defined, but currently comprises species of clavarioid (club and coral)
fungi as well as some corticioid (crust- and patch-forming) fungi.
These
species are nutritionally diverse, some being ectomycorrhizal, others
wood-rotting saprotrophs, others lichenized, and yet others lichenicolous
(growing on or parasitizing lichens).
The Dutch
mycologist Marinus Anton Donk first published the tribe Clavulinae in 1933 to
accommodate species of clavarioid fungi in the genus Clavulina that had
"stichic" basidia (basidia with nuclear spindles arranged
longitudinally).
He
considered this feature placed the species concerned closer to the chanterelles
(Cantharellales) than to other clavarioid fungi. In 1961, he raised the tribe
to the rank of family, as the Clavulinaceae.
In 1968,
Estonian mycologist Erast Parmasto added the corticioid genus Clavulicium to
the family, noting that it had very similar basidia to those found in
Clavulina.
Molecular
research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has confirmed the
placement of Clavulina within the Cantharellales, but has not yet addressed the
circumscription of the family Clavulinaceae.
The
corticioid genus Membranomyces (formerly referred to Clavulicium) is closely
related. The lichenized clavarioid genus Multiclavula is also closely related
and has been included within the family.
Several
species formerly referred to the corticioid genus Sistotrema may be included,
but have not been formally renamed. The genus Burgella, described for a
probable anamorph of this latter group is, however, within the family.
As such,
the Clavulinaceae currently contain 4 genera and over 60 species. The genus
Clavulicium which was formerly placed in the Clavulinaceae was found to belong
in the new family Stereopsidaceae.
Clavulina amethystine
Species
within the family are unusually diverse in habitat and ecology. Species of
Clavulina are ectomycorrhizal, forming mutually beneficial associations with
the roots of living trees and other plants.
Species of
Multiclavula are lichens, their basidiocarps typically found scattered on
sheets of their associated algae. Species of Membranomyces and
"Sistotrema" are presumed to be wood-rotting saprotrophs, typically
forming corticioid basidiocarps on the undersides of dead, attached branches or
fallen wood.
Some of the
latter group, however, (including the genus Burgella) often grow on and may
parasitize lichens. Collectively, the Clavulinaceae have a cosmopolitan
distribution.
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