Scientific
classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Boletales
Suborder: Suillineae
Family: Gomphidiaceae
Genus: Chroogomphus
(Singer)
O.K.Mill. (1964)
Type
species Chroogomphus rutilis
(Schaeff.)
O.K.Mill. (1964)
Chroogomphus
/kroʊ.əˈɡɒmfəs/ is a genus of mushrooms commonly known as pine-spikes or
spike-caps based on their shape and because they are often found growing in
association with pine trees. The genus is distributed throughout the Northern
Hemisphere including North America, the Caribbean, Europe, and Asia.
These fungi
are members of the family Gomphidiaceae which are agaricoid members of the
Boletales (suborder Suillineae). Related to the genus Gomphidius (in which they
were once classified), Chroogomphus are distinguished from Gomphidius by their
lack of a partial veil.
The genus
name is derived from the Greek χρω- chroo-, meaning 'skin' or 'colour', and 'γομφος' gomphos meaning 'plug' or 'large
wedge-shaped nail'.
Members of
this genus have been thought to be ectomycorrhizal with various species of
pine, however, there is now evidence that all members of the Gomphidiaceae are
parasitic upon other boletes.
Specifically,
Chroogomphus species are thought to be parasitic on various conifer-associated
Suillus species, with this parasitism often being highly species-specific.
In the
Pacific Northwest of North America, C. tomentosus is found with western hemlock
(Tsuga heterophylla) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), while C.
helveticus of Europe is found in conifer forests containing spruce (Picea
ssp.).
C.
vinicolor
Chroogomphus
rutilus (image), found in Europe, is the type species for this genus. It has
been the subject of investigation as the source of antibiotics, as well as
other potentially useful secondary compounds.
The cap is
up to 10 cm in diameter and red-brown in colour. The widely spaced gills are
brownish-orange and decurrent with black to brownish-yellow spores. The stalk
is brownish-yellow and tapers toward the base. The flesh is orange to
salmon-coloured and turns violet when chewed.
Chroogomphus
ochraceus (image) of North America is very similar in habit and appearance to
C. rutilus, and the latter name has often been misapplied to C. ochraceus.
Chroogomphus
vinicolor (image), another North American species, is likewise similar to C.
rutilus, although C. vinicolor tends to be smaller. The cap color is variable
in both species, with C. vinicolor being, as its scientific name suggests, more
wine-colored while C. rutilus is usually more brown. The most distinctive
differences between these three species are microscopic.
Other
species within genus Chroogomphus include:
C.
helveticus
C.
leptocystis
C.
loculatus
C.
jamaicensis
C.
pseudovinicolor
C.
tomentosus
Chroogomphus
rutilis, C. ochraceus, and C. vinicolor are edible and interchangeable for
culinary purposes. They are not, however, regarded as flavorful and possess
neither a distinctive taste nor odor. One food writer states:
They are
excellent when dried, have a firm chewy texture but almost no flavor. This
means you can put them in any dish without worrying about overpowering them -
there's nothing to overpower!
They make
an excellent textural addition, though, a little crunchy, a little rubbery,
very pleasant. Use them in tomato sauce as a meat substitute, or in a spicy
Thai curry. You can't go wrong, because you can't taste them.
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